Headaches are among the most commonly reported neurological symptoms, presenting in distinct forms that can impact daily living and well-being. Recognizing differences among types allows individuals to better understand potential triggers and characteristics associated with their experiences. Factors such as location of pain, duration, associated symptoms, and frequency may help distinguish one type of headache from another and support more informed discussions with a headache specialist.
Tension Headaches
Tension-type headaches are a common type of headache treated by a headache specialist. These headaches cause a steady ache or pressure on both sides of the head. The pain often resembles a sensation of tightness or a band encircling the head. Tension headaches are usually described as mild to moderate in intensity, without significant increases in pain during physical activity. Nausea and vomiting are not typical, but some individuals may notice increased sensitivity to light or noise. Tension headaches are further classified by frequency as episodic or chronic. Episodic tension headaches occur less than 15 days per month and may last from 30 minutes to several days. Chronic tension headaches are present at least 15 days per month for three or more months.
Cluster Headaches
Cluster headaches are rare but recognized for their severe, recurrent pain and distinct cyclical patterns. These headaches typically occur in “clusters,” with repeated attacks lasting weeks or months. Remission phases can last for months or even years. Cluster headaches tend to appear at predictable periods.
Pain is intensely sharp, piercing, or burning, almost always affecting one side of the head around and behind one eye. Attacks begin abruptly, escalating to maximum intensity within minutes. Accompanying symptoms are often present on the same side as the pain and include tearing or redness of the eye, runny nose, drooping eyelid, and sweating of the face. Many individuals with cluster headaches report restlessness during attacks and may need to move about, rather than lying still.
Migraines
Migraines are complex neurological events characterized by recurring, usually moderate to severe headaches often accompanied by additional symptoms. Migraine pain frequently affects one side of the head, though both sides may be involved. Attacks last from four hours to several days and may significantly disrupt daily life.
Migraines may develop in stages. The initial prodrome phase can occur several hours to a day prior to headache onset. Symptoms in this phase can include changes in mood, food cravings, and increased thirst. Some migraine sufferers experience aura preceding or accompanying the headache. Aura symptoms are most often visual, such as flashes of light, but can also involve tingling sensations or speech difficulties. Not all migraine episodes involve an aura.
The main phase of a migraine is defined by pulsating or throbbing pain, aggravation with routine physical activity, pronounced sensitivity to light and sound, and often nausea or vomiting. After the attack, some individuals enter a postdrome stage, experiencing fatigue or difficulty concentrating. Migraine triggers vary and can include hormonal shifts, certain foods, fluctuations in sleep patterns, environmental changes, stress, or sensory stimuli such as strong lights or odors.
Consult a Headache Specialist
If you experience severe, frequent, or changing headaches, or headaches with previously mentioned symptoms, consulting a headache specialist is advisable. Specialists can review your headache history, perform a comprehensive evaluation, and recommend an evidence-based approach tailored to your needs. Tracking your headaches can support accurate diagnosis and guide effective management.
